International Journal of Frontier Science and Multidisciplinary Research
Welcome to International Journal of Frontier Science and Multidisciplinary Research (IJFSMR) The International Journal of Frontier Science and Multidisciplinary Research (IJFSMR) is an international, peer-reviewed, open access academic journal dedicated to publishing high-quality research that advances knowledge across multiple disciplines. The journal provides a scholarly platform for researchers, academicians, professionals, and scholars from around the world to share innovative ideas, original research findings, and interdisciplinary perspectives. The International Journal of Frontier Science and Multidisciplinary Research (IJFSMR) aims to promote the integration of different fields of study by encouraging research that addresses complex global challenges through multidisciplinary approaches. The journal welcomes theoretical, empirical, and review-based contributions that demonstrate academic excellence, originality, and research integrity. Aims and Scope The International Journal of Frontier Science and Multidisciplinary Research (IJFSMR) supports the dissemination of innovative research in emerging and frontier areas of science, technology, humanities, social sciences, and applied research. The journal encourages interdisciplinary collaboration and aims to bridge the gap between traditional academic disciplines. The scope of the journal includes, but is not limited to: Natural Sciences and Applied Sciences Social Sciences and Humanities Engineering and Technology Business, Economics, and Management Studies Environmental and Agricultural Sciences Education and Development Studies Health Sciences and Public Health Emerging and Interdisciplinary Research Areas Law and Application of AI By promoting cross-disciplinary dialogue, the journal contributes to the development of new ideas, research methodologies, and innovative solutions to contemporary academic and societal challenges. Mission of the Journal The mission of the International Journal of Frontier Science and Multidisciplinary Research (IJFSMR) is to create a credible and globally accessible platform for researchers to publish impactful research. The journal is committed to maintaining high academic standards, ethical publishing practices, and transparent peer-review processes. Why Publish with IJFSMR Rigorous Peer-Review Process Open Access publication for wider global visibility Rapid and Transparent Review System International Editorial Board and Contributors Global Platform for Multidisciplinary Research Promotion of Innovative and Frontier Research Areas
Solar Cell Technology: Innovations and Challenges in Renewable Energy Conversion
Photovoltaic (PV) technology has evolved from a niche, high-cost energy source into the fastest-growing generation technology in the global electricity mix, with cumulative installed capacity surpassing the terawatt scale by the mid-2020s. This review synthesizes the state of the art across the major solar cell technology families— crystalline silicon (c-Si), thin films (CdTe, CIGS), and emerging concepts (perovskites, organic photovoltaics, dye-sensitized cells, quantum dots, and tandem architectures)— with attention to device physics, materials innovation, manufacturing scalability, and sustainability. Crystalline silicon, now dominated by passivated-contact architectures such as TOPCon and heterojunction (HJT) cells, continues to approach its practical efficiency ceiling near the Shockley–Queisser limit, while thin-film CdTe and CIGS modules offer lower embodied energy and complementary spectral and mechanical properties. The most consequential recent advances lie in perovskite photovoltaics, where single-junction laboratory efficiencies now exceed 26% and perovskite/silicon tandem cells have surpassed 33%, offering a credible pathway beyond the singlejunction efficiency ceiling. Nonetheless, perovskites' operational stability, hysteresis, ion migration, and lead content remain unresolved barriers to bankable deployment at scale. Organic photovoltaics and dye-sensitized cells retain niche advantages in flexibility, transparency, and low-light performance but lag in efficiency and long-term durability. This review discusses the materials and interface engineering strategies— defect passivation, bandgap tuning, self-assembled monolayers, and two-dimensional capping layers—that have driven recent efficiency gains, alongside manufacturing innovations including roll-to-roll and slot-die coating, and integration concepts such as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), agrivoltaics, and floating PV. Critical challenges are examined in depth: the efficiency–stability trade-off, supply constraints on indium, tellurium, and silver, degradation mechanisms and accelerated testing protocols, end-of-life recycling, and the soft costs that increasingly dominate total system economics. We conclude with an outlook on pathways toward >30–40% commercial module efficiencies via tandem and multi-junction architectures, the growing role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in accelerated materials discovery, and the research priorities that will determine whether photovoltaics can meet the multi-terawatt annual deployment rates required for a low-carbon energy system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Right to Reject and Right to Recall: Prospects in Indian Elections
The strength of a democratic system lies in its ability to ensure accountability, transparency, and active participation of citizens in governance. In India, the world’s largest democracy, elections serve as the primary mechanism through which people exercise their sovereign will. However, increasing concerns about criminalization of politics, corruption, lack of accountability, and limited voter choice have raised questions about the effectiveness of the electoral system. In this context, the concepts of the Right to Reject (RTR) and the Right to Recall (RRC) have gained significant attention as potential electoral reforms. The Right to Reject empowers voters to express disapproval of all contesting candidates, while the Right to Recall allows voters to remove elected representatives before the completion of their tenure. India has partially implemented the Right to Reject through the introduction of the NOTA (None of the Above) option following judicial intervention. However, the Right to Recall remains largely absent in the electoral framework, except in limited forms at the local governance level. This paper critically examines the conceptual foundations, legal framework, judicial developments, comparative perspectives, advantages, challenges, and future prospects of these rights in Indian elections. It argues that while RTR and RRC have the potential to deepen democratic values and strengthen accountability, their implementation must be carefully designed to prevent misuse and ensure stability in governance.
POSH Act as an Extension of Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the Indian Constitution
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 is one of the historic laws of the India in the protection of the right to a safe and dignified working environment by women. The Act provision, are connected with Fundamental Rights, which are secured in the Constitution of India, in particular, Articles 14,15, and 21. These include the constitutional clause that ensures equality before the law and that it forbids any discrimination on the basis of sex, equal right to life and personal liberty which comprise right to live with dignity. The workplace sexual harassment exposes women to such unsafe hostile environment that has a direct relationship on her involvement, equality in professional life. Not only does this violate the personal dignity, but also it disrupts the constitutional pledge of equality and justice. The POSH Act gives a hierarchical legal framework to combat this problem, through the implementation of preventive and remedial actions in the workplace. It renders it mandatory to each employer to establish Internal Committees at the workplace and disseminate the information about workplace safety and have an effective grievance redressal system to those who are victims. These mechanisms were instruments of making constitutional doctrines of rights to women operational in the POSH act. It empowers the reshapes the structure of gender justice and advances the workplace culture that is founded on the respect based on respect, equality and dignity. Thus, the Act may be interpreted as a valuable extension and provision of Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the Constitution of India.
The Secular Concept and Recent Controversy with Regard to Retention or Deletion of this Concept from the Preamble of the Constitution : An Overview
India is usually described as a ‗secular state‘ We are by now quite familiar with what that means. It means a state in which government does not lean towards any religious community, in which religions are treated equally, in which religions are equally fostered, and no one community sets the pace, in matters of religion, for the rest. This is consistent with the Hindu outlook on life. Seculariszation consists in the process whereby religions offices, institutions and ceremonies are extruded from public life- in education, law-making, administration and government. Conservatives sometimes oppose this objective secularization, on the assumption that the subjective secularization that would warrant it has not occurred, or is undesirable, or its precipitated by objective secularization. In Islamic states that sentiment is very strong, and desecularizing movement abound; some argue that this is because the complete secularization of Islamic institutions of government would leave no remainder. This principle of giving primacy to the individual, placing him before and above religion, and recognizing freedom of religion and of religious denominations as incidental only to his well-being and to a general scheme of his liberty is a distinguishing feature of Indian secularism; conjointly with the principles of tolerance and equality, also incorporated side by side, it embodies our constitutional philosophy regarding religion. In short secularism is not anti religion. This concept provides equal status to all religions. It is an unamendable basic features of our Indian constitutionalism.
Climate Change and Its Impact on Agricultural Labourers
Climate Change and unlimited economic growth are increasingly pushing the planet beyond its ecological limits, threatening environmental sustainability and human survival. Rapid industrialization, population growth, urbanization, deforestation, and excessive dependence on fossil fuels have intensified greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in global warming, biodiversity loss, sea level rise, and frequent extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, and wildfires. The study examines the historical development of climate change, major causes of the climate crisis, impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, biodiversity, and human health, as well as the role of international initiatives and policies in mitigating environmental degradation. It highlights how the concept of unlimited growth on a finite planet has accelerated resource depletion and ecological imbalance. The paper further discusses global climate agreements, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Paris Agreement, and emphasizes the importance of renewable energy, sustainable development, carbon reduction, climate- resilient infrastructure, and nature-based solutions. The study concludes that immediate global cooperation, sustainable resource management, and transition toward low-carbon economies are essential to protect the planet and ensure a secure future for coming generations.
Morphological Redescription of Heterakis gallinarum in Chicks
Parasitic nematodes are among the most common helminths affecting poultry and are responsible for reduced growth, poor feed utilization, and increased susceptibility to disease in chicks.Heterakis gallinarum is a common intestinal nematode of domestic and wild galliform birds and is of considerable, veterinary and parasitologically important. The present study was conducted to study the presence of H. gallinarum in farms of local area.It is based on the examine of morphological characteristics of nematodes recovered from caeca of infected chicks and to facilitate their identification using standard taxonomic features. Specimens are collected naturally from the infected chicks, cleaned, preserved and examined under light microscope. This observation is based on external and internal characteristics, including body shape, body size, body length and width, posterior and anterior ends and reproductive organs. Morphometric measurements were recorded and compared with previously published descriptions to confirm the taxonomic identity of the parasite. The study provides updated morphological observations and morphometric data that contribute to the accurate identification and characterization of H. gallinarum .The findings contribute to a better understanding of nematodes diversity in poultry and may assist in developing effective control and management strategies to improve poultry health and productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Self-Help Groups in Women Empowerment and Rural Livelihood Enhancement: A Study of Gautam Buddh Nagar District, Uttar Pradesh
Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as an important institutional mechanism for promoting women's empowerment, financial inclusion, entrepreneurship, and sustainable rural livelihoods in India. By bringing women together into small, community-based savings and credit groups, SHGs facilitate access to formal financial services, capacity building, livelihood opportunities, and collective decision-making. The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) places women-led SHGs at the centre of rural poverty reduction and seeks to connect rural households with sustainable livelihoods, financial services, skills, markets, and government entitlements. The present study examines the role of Self-Help Groups in women empowerment and rural livelihood enhancement with special reference to Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh. The study analyses the contribution of SHGs to savings, access to credit, income generation, entrepreneurship, employment, household decision-making, social participation, financial literacy, and livelihood diversification. A qualitative and analytical methodology based on secondary literature, government reports, DAY-NRLM documents, and official rural-development information published up to 2025 is adopted. The findings indicate that SHGs can strengthen women's economic participation by improving access to institutional finance, encouraging collective entrepreneurship, supporting small-scale enterprises, and creating opportunities for income diversification. However, challenges including inadequate market access, limited business skills, low financial literacy, restricted access to larger credit, social constraints, and inadequate technological knowledge may limit the sustainability of SHG-based enterprises. The study concludes that stronger financial linkages, skill development, digital literacy, market connectivity, entrepreneurship training, and institutional support are essential for maximizing the contribution of SHGs to women's empowerment and sustainable rural livelihoods in Gautam Buddh Nagar.
The Theory and Practice of Conceptual Aspect of Democracy - A Critical Review
Democracy is a way of life. It provides “Possibility of concurrence in action without the preliminary necessity of shared religion, moral conviction or political program. The democratic temper may lead to readiness to accept an other‟s truth to be as good as his own, and therefore to enter into community, so far as it is possible to secure a reconciliation. „Democracy is traditional to level for the so called fundamental issues, which in any view, remain fundamental even if a number of schools apparently consider them obsolete‟. The expressions „democracy‟ and „democratic‟ have been used in varying senses in different countries and in many places have been subjected to denote the state of affairs which is in complete negation of the meaning in which they are understood. The three spheres of Democracy are Political, economic and social. Political democracy means the Government by the people, economic democracy connotes the control of the means of production and social democracy means the abolition of social Privileges.
Role of Intellectual Property Rights on Agricultural Startups and their Innovations
Intellectual property rights (IPR) have a substantial influence on the development and novelty of agricultural businesses by providing legal protection for unique technology, plant varieties, and biotechnological advancements. Patents, plant variety protection, copyright, trademarks, and trade secrets help businesses raise capital, build market credibility, and drive investigate and expansion in precision agriculture, climateresilient crops, and sustainable farming techniques. Intellectual property rights provide a competitive advantage and encourage technical discoveries by ensuring independence. Despite these benefits, strict intellectual property rights restrictions offer problems, particularly for small-scale farmers and nascent enterprises. High patent prices, lengthy regulatory processes, and legal complexities can all stymie technology adoption, limiting access to better seeds, biofertilizers, and intelligent agriculture solutions. Furthermore, the monopolization of agricultural modernizations by huge corporations raises questions regarding price and reasonable access, potentially widening the divide between industrial agribusinesses and small farmers. This study investigates the dual effect of intellectual property rights on agricultural entrepreneurs, examining their function in encouraging innovation while also addressing accessibility concerns. A balanced intellectual property rights foundation, including participation in open-source models, public-private partnerships, and regulatory reforms, is critical for guaranteeing sustainable agriculture practices and productivity. Creating notable relationships between research institutions, startups, and policy makers can drive inclusive creative ideas that benefit both entrepreneurs and farmers while also contributing to global food and nutritional security
Sublethal Effects of Urban Air Pollution on Foraging Activity and Colony Health of the Asian Honey Bee (Apis Cerana) in Baghpat District, India
The study investigated the sublethal effects of air pollution on the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) in Baghpat District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Honey bee colonies from an urban site characterized by high vehicular emissions and elevated particulate matter concentrations were compared with colonies from a less polluted rural area. A total of sixty worker bees were sampled, with thirty individuals collected from each location. Air quality was assessed using PM2.5 and PM10 measurements, while bee health was evaluated through hemocyte density analysis, foraging activity observations, and mortality assessment. The polluted site exhibited substantially higher particulate matter levels (PM2.5: 95 µg/m³, PM10: 180 µg/m³) compared with the rural site (PM2.5: 28 µg/m³, PM10: 60 µg/m³). Results demonstrated a significant decline in the mean hemocyte count of bees inhabiting polluted environments (4.8 × 10⁶ cells/mL) relative to those from the rural site (7.3 × 10⁶ cells/mL), indicating possible suppression of immune function. Foraging activity was also reduced, with urban bees performing an average of 58 trips per hour compared to 89 trips per hour in the rural population. Furthermore, mortality rates were markedly higher in the polluted area (14.5%) than in the rural environment (5.2%). Statistical analysis confirmed that these differences were significant (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that chronic exposure to urban air pollutants adversely affects the physiological condition, behavioral performance, and survival of Apis cerana. These impacts may ultimately reduce pollination efficiency and threaten colony sustainability. The study highlights the importance of improving air quality and implementing pollinator conservation strategies in rapidly urbanizing regions.
Botanical Modulation of Pest Pressure and Host Response in Brinjal Using Solanum surattense Leaf Extract
The present study was carried out to examine the effect of leaf extract on pest response in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Fresh leaves of Choti Kateri (Solanum surattense) were collected from nearby roadside areas and cleaned properly before use. The collected leaves were dried and treated to ethanol extraction using a Soxhlet apparatus. The prepared extract was applied in three different concentrations, 5 mL, 10 mL and 15 mL, along with an untreated control. Each treatment was maintained with five replications to obtain consistent results. Pest response was observed at regular intervals after the application of the extract. The recorded data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA. The results indicated that pest response differed according to the concentration of the extract and also varied with time after treatment.Among the tested concentrations, the 15 mL at 72hr of mean 2.4(1.69) extract showed a better and more consistent effect, especially between 48 and 72 hours after application. The lower concentrations showed only a mild and short-term response. No response was recorded in the control treatment. The results indicate that leaf extract of Solanum surattense shows good potential as a natural agent for decreasing pest activity in brinjal.
Changes in Crude Protein Content of Selected Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) Varieties Following Infestation by Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier)
Sitotroga cerealella is one of the most destructive storage pests of pearl millet, causing deterioration in grain quality and nutritional composition. The present study evaluated changes in crude protein content of four pearl millet varieties before and after infestation by S. cerealella using the Kjeldahl method. Crude protein content increased in all varieties following insect infestation. The highest percentage increase was observed in the susceptible variety NDFB-3 (13.46%), followed by ICMB-155 (9.17%), ICTP-8203 (6.09%), whereas the resistant variety WCC-75 showed the lowest increase (5.36%). The apparent increase in crude protein is likely associated with the accumulation of insect-derived nitrogenous materials, including frass, exuviae and insect body fragments, together with carbohydrate depletion during feeding, rather than an actual improvement in nutritional quality. The observed trend suggests that resistant varieties undergo comparatively smaller biochemical alterations than susceptible varieties following insect infestation. These findings emphasize the importance of host plant resistance and effective storage management for maintaining the nutritional quality of pearl millet during storage.
Transforming Bank Customer Engagement through CRM Integration with Account Intelligence
The banking industry is racing away, from its legacy model, toward an ecosystem a shift propelled by fintech breakthroughs and the way customers now expect to interact with their money. By rolling out tech and reshaping services to match those shifting preferences banks are knitting more durable bonds with their clientele. Still the pivot brings its set of headaches—banks must juggle the urge to innovate digitally with the need to keep customers truly engaged stay within ever tightening frameworks and safeguard a flood of sensitive data. This research examines how linking Assistant Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems with a range of payment technologies—Digital wallets, QR codes, point of sale (POS) terminals, IMPS, UPI, NEFT and RTGS—can deepen customer engagement broaden inclusion and underpin sustainable growth, in the banking sector. Survey results and data analyses indicate that these innovations have noticeably improved both the accessibility and convenience of services. The study also scrutinizes the environment and the escalating relevance of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). To preserve stability and security the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has instituted rules governing payments, cybersecurity and consumer protection. The findings hint that while financial innovation can boost efficiency and broaden access it also demands oversight to curb risks such, as fraud and infrastructure constraints.
Environmental Pollution and Its Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems with Special Reference to Ponds in Meerut Region
Environmental pollution has emerged as one of the most serious hreats to freshwater ecosystems, particularly ponds, which support rich biodiversity and provide essential ecological services. Rapid urbanization, agricultural intensification, industrial development, domestic sewage discharge, and improper solid waste management have significantly degraded pond ecosystems in the Meerut region of Uttar Pradesh. Increasing concentrations of nutrients, pesticides, heavy metals, plastics, and organic pollutants have adversely affected water quality, aquatic biodiversity, ecosystem productivity, and ecological stability. Ponds serve as important habitats for fish, amphibians, aquatic plants, plankton, macroinvertebrates, and numerous microorganisms that contribute to nutrient cycling and ecological balance. The present study investigates the impact of environmental pollution on aquatic ecosystems with special reference to ponds in the Meerut region through a comprehensive analytical review of recent scientific literature and regional environmental conditions. The findings indicate that deteriorating water quality has resulted in eutrophication, reduced dissolved oxygen, biodiversity loss, fish mortality, proliferation of invasive species, and disruption of aquatic food webs. The study further highlights sustainable management strategies including wastewater treatment, pollution control, ecological restoration, public awareness, and community participation for conserving pond ecosystems. The study concludes that integrated environmental management and scientific conservation measures are essential for protecting freshwater biodiversity and maintaining ecological sustainability in the Meerut region.
From Historical Bonds to Modern Partnerships: India–Nepal Relations and the Emerging Role of Balen Shah
In this paper, the author has tried to trace the course of the India-Nepal relations from its strong historical and civilizational linkages to the current juncture of generational change in the Nepalese politics. It asserts that, since the day Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi took office in 2014, the relationship has been marked by alternating highs and lows, partly because of the ‘Neighbourhood First' outreach that has often run into problems over sovereignty issues – the most glaring being over Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura during the 2015 constitutional crisis and in 2019-2020 border dispute. The study then moves on to the rupture of 2025-2026, when an uprising by youth swept away the existing order and ushered in a four-year-old party, the Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP), and its leader, Balendra “Balen” Shah, who is 36 years old. The paper evaluates Shah's adherence to a nationalist and sovereignty-first foreign policy, as well as his evident Third Worldist approach, which is rooted in his non-aligned stance, and their impact on the bilateral relationship, based on press reporting, think-tank analysis and official statements until June 2026, against the backdrop of the structural tensions of the bilateral relationship, including the China factor, the asymmetry and the territory.
Von Economo and Fork Neurons across Three Independently Evolved Vocal-Learning Bird Lineages
Independently evolved instances of vocal learning in birds — in parrots (Psittaciformes), oscine songbirds (Passeriformes), and hummingbirds (Trochiliformes) — offer a natural experiment for testing whether complex behavioural convergence is accompanied by convergence at the level of individual neuron morphology. This study used comparative Golgi impregnation to characterize von Economo neuron (VEN)-like cells and the related fork neuron across the vocal control nuclei of representative species from all three lineages: the Indian ringneck parrot (Psittacula krameri), the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), the canary (Serinus canaria), and Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna). VEN-like neurons were identified in every vocal control nucleus examined in all four species. Despite the species spanning close to an order of magnitude in brain mass, key morphological ratios were remarkably conserved: soma aspect ratio ranged only from 1.33 to 1.37, soma volume relative to adjacent non-VEN neurons ranged from 3.8× to 4.8×, and dendritic arbor reduction relative to pyramidal-type neurons ranged from 58% to 65%. Fork neurons co-occurred with VEN-like neurons in every nucleus and species examined at a strikingly stable ratio of 2.2:1 (range 2.0:1–2.3:1), with the highest combined densities consistently located in the HVC/NLC and RA equivalents. These findings indicate that VEN-like and fork neuron morphology is not a species-specific idiosyncrasy but a conserved cellular solution that has arisen independently at least three times within the avian vocal-learning lineages examined, paralleling similar convergent cellular specializations previously documented across vocal-learning mammals.
Genome-wide Identification and Characterization of Stress-responsive Genomic Elements with Special Reference to the RD22 Gene Family in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.
Background: Abiotic stresses, particularly drought and osmotic stress, severely constrain the productivity of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), one of the most important cool-season food legumes globally. The RD22 (Responsive to Dehydration 22) gene family encodes hydrophilic proteins that play pivotal roles in abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent stress signaling pathways. Despite the agronomic significance of faba bean, the RD22 gene family remains uncharacterized at the genome-wide level. Objective: To identify, characterize, and comprehensively analyze the RD22 gene family in Vicia faba through an integrated in silico approach. Methods: Using the recently available V. faba cv. Hedin2 reference genome, we conducted a genome-wide survey of RD22-like genes. Forty-four putative VfRD22 genes were identified and subjected to comprehensive bioinformatic analyses including conserved domain identification (Pfam/InterProScan), motif analysis (MEME Suite), physicochemical property prediction (ProtParam), subcellular localization prediction (WoLF PSORT), and phylogenetic reconstruction. Results: The 44 VfRD22 genes were distributed across all six chromosomes and unplaced scaffolds, encoding proteins ranging from 117 to 634 amino acids (mean: 332.9 ± 143.9 aa). All proteins were predicted to be hydrophilic (GRAVY: −0.291 ± 0.206) with 65.1% classified as stable (instability index < 40). Conserved domain analysis revealed that all members harbored the characteristic BURP domain, with six genes additionally containing BURP superfamily signatures. Three highly conserved motifs were identified across all family members. Subcellular localization prediction indicated predominant extracellular and cytoplasmic localization, consistent with secreted stress-responsive proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five distinct clades, with chromosome 1 harboring a notable tandem duplication cluster (VfRD22.7–VfRD22.15). Conclusion: This study provides the first comprehensive genome-wide characterization of the RD22 gene family in faba bean, establishing a foundational genomic resource for understanding ABA-mediated dehydration responses and for the development of stress-resilient faba bean varieties through marker-assisted breeding and transgenic approaches.
Mitochondrial DNA variation in economically important fish species
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers (COI, cytochrome b, D-loop, ATPase 6/8) have become essential tools for assessing genetic variation, population structure, and phylogeography of economically important freshwater fishes. This review synthesizes mtDNA-based studies on Indian freshwater fishes, highlights results relevant to rivers that flow through Uttar Pradesh (particularly the Ganga basin), and evaluates marker performance for stock identification and conservation. Available studies indicate moderate-to-high mtDNA diversity in many carp and catfish taxa, frequent shallow spatial structuring for widespread species, and evidence that habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic pressures can reduce genetic connectivity. For Uttar Pradesh, published molecular sampling is relatively sparse; targeted mtDNA surveys across major Ganga tributaries are urgently needed to inform stock management and hatchery supplementation programs. Key recommendations include coordinated mtDNA barcoding and control-region surveys across UP rivers and integration with nuclear markers for robust management decisions.
Role of Wildlife Conservation Strategies in Maintaining Biodiversity and Ecological Balance
Wildlife conservation has become a critical global priority for preserving biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance in the face of habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, and species extinction. Conservation strategies such as protected area management, habitat restoration, community-based conservation, species recovery programs, and technological monitoring approaches have gained increasing importance in sustaining ecosystems. The present study investigates the role of wildlife conservation strategies in maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance using a comprehensive analytical and review-based approach. The study focuses on major areas such as protected areas, in situ and ex situ conservation, habitat restoration, species management, and modern conservation technologies. Data have been collected from scientific literature, conservation reports, and international environmental organizations. Findings indicate that wildlife conservation strategies significantly contribute to species protection, ecosystem resilience, restoration of ecological processes, and long-term environmental sustainability. Advances in conservation science, policy interventions, and community participation have strengthened biodiversity protection globally. The study highlights the importance of integrated conservation strategies for sustaining ecological balance and achieving global biodiversity goals.
Climate Crisis and Unlimited Growth: Pushing the Limits of the Planet
Climate Change and unlimited economic growth are increasingly pushing the planet beyond its ecological limits, threatening environmental sustainability and human survival. Rapid industrialization, population growth, urbanization, deforestation, and excessive dependence on fossil fuels have intensified greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in global warming, biodiversity loss, sea level rise, and frequent extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, and wildfires. The study examines the historical development of climate change, major causes of the climate crisis, impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, biodiversity, and human health, as well as the role of international initiatives and policies in mitigating environmental degradation. It highlights how the concept of unlimited growth on a finite planet has accelerated resource depletion and ecological imbalance. The paper further discusses global climate agreements, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Paris Agreement, and emphasizes the importance of renewable energy, sustainable development, carbon reduction, climate-resilient infrastructure, and nature-based solutions. The study concludes that immediate global cooperation, sustainable resourc management, and transition toward low-carbon economies are essential to protect the planet and ensure a secure future for coming generations.
Breeding Strategies for Climate Resilient Traits in Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)
Climate change factored rise in temperatures coupled with the climatic variation like temperature, rainfall pattern and humidity are going to be major limiting factors in sustainable vegetable production. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important global food source, after wheat, rice and maize. CPRI has projected that against the current production of 45.1 mt India will have to produce 56.15 and 124.88 million tonnes of potato during the years 2025 and 2050, respectively to meet the future demands. At the same time the crop is sensitive to heat, drought and moderately sensitive to cold and salinity stress which results in reduction of size and number of tubers. However, large germplasm and wide range of species and genetic diversity in potato provide opportunity to develop climate resilient genotypes to minimize the impact of climate change. Different breeding strategies for potato which could help in climate resilient breeding program includes 1) Screening of wild relative for resistant sources; 2) Utilization of the resistant species in hybridization and somatic hybridization; 3) Identification and mapping of stress tolerant QTLs; 4) Marker assisted selection of tolerant gene; and 5) Transfer of stress tolerant genes from other unrelated crop through transgenic approach. There is various report of successful transfer of genes in potato such as development of heat tolerant variety (Kufri Surya) through hybridization (Anonymous, 2006). Cardi et al., 1999, developed somatic hybrid between S. tuberosum and S. commersonii for frost tolerance. Anithakumar et al., 2012, identified 28 drought specific QTLs and 17 under recovery treatment in potato. A BADH gene from spinach under the control of the stress-induced promoter rd29A from Arabidopsis thaliana was introduced for salinity and drought tolerant in potato cv. Gannongshu 2 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens methods. Therefore, location specific suitable new breeding approaches need to be formulated for developing climate resilient varieties of vegetable crops for sustaining the self-sufficiency in this sector.